登高

风急天高猿啸哀

首句以「风急」「天高」「猿啸哀」三个意象并置，营造秋日萧瑟氛围。「猿啸哀」引用《水经注》中巴东三峡巫峡长，猿鸣三声泪沾裳，点染悲意。

The first line juxtaposes three images—'swift wind', 'wide sky', and 'mournful ape cries'—creating an autumnal desolate atmosphere. 'Apes wail' alludes to a folk song about the Three Gorges, evoking sorrow.

渚清沙白鸟飞回

对仗工整，「渚清」对「沙白」，「鸟飞回」写水鸟盘旋，暗示诗人徘徊不定之心境，与上句动静结合。

A perfectly matched couplet: 'clear water' vs 'white sand', and 'birds fly back' suggests their circling, mirroring the poet's own unsettled mood. Combines motion with stillness.

无边落木萧萧下

「无边」写落叶之广，「萧萧」拟声词，既摹落叶之声，又化用《楚辞·九歌》「风飒飒兮木萧萧」，强化肃杀之气。

'Boundless' describes the endless falling leaves; 'shower by shower' is onomatopoeic, echoing the rustling sound, and borrows from ancient Chu Ci to intensify the bleakness.

不尽长江滚滚来

「不尽」与「无边」呼应，「滚滚」叠词摹水势，暗喻历史长河无情流逝，与上句构成时空上下的宏大视角。

'Endless' parallels 'boundless'; 'rolls its waves hour after hour' uses reduplication to depict the river's ceaseless flow, a metaphor for the relentless passage of time, creating a grand vista.

万里悲秋常作客

「万里」言离家之远，「悲秋」点明季节与情感，宋玉《九辩》「悲哉秋之为气也」；「常作客」写漂泊无定，身世飘零。

'A thousand miles' emphasizes distance from home; 'grieved by autumn's sight' links season to sorrow, echoing Song Yu's 'Nine Arguments'; 'always a traveler' captures lifelong wandering.

百年多病独登台

「百年」指一生或暮年，「多病」写身体状况，「独登台」突出孤寂，与「常作客」对仗，深化老病孤愁。

'A hundred years' means old age; 'ill' describes his maladies; 'alone I climb this height' underscores solitude, paired with 'far from home' to deepen the sense of aged loneliness and illness.

艰难苦恨繁霜鬓

「艰难」指国事与个人际遇，「苦恨」极言愁恨之深，「繁霜鬓」以霜喻白发，形象写出艰难岁月催人老。

'Hardship' refers to both national and personal adversities; 'bitter regret' intensifies the resentment; 'frosted hair' metaphorically compares white hair to frost, showing how troubles age him.

潦倒新停浊酒杯

「潦倒」形容困顿失意，「新停」指因肺病戒酒，连借酒浇愁都不可得，更添一层悲凉。

'Forlorn' describes his down-and-out state; 'newly stopped' means he had to give up wine due to illness—even the solace of drink is denied, adding another layer of pathos.