宫词二首·其一
故国三千里
深宫二十年
一声何满子
双泪落君前
Three thousand li from home, my native land I mourn;
For twenty years I've dwelt in palace depths forlorn.
One song — the He Manzi — I sing before my lord,
And down my cheeks two streams of bitter tears are poured.
逐句注释
故国三千里
故国：故乡、故园。三千里：虚数，极言其远，非实指。开篇不写人，先写空间距离，以「三千里」写宫人与家乡之间的天涯之隔，静态的数字中含无尽怅惘。
Guguó means one's native place. 'Three thousand li' is a hyperbolic number, not a literal distance; the poem opens not with a person but with space itself, measuring the unbridgeable gap between the palace woman and her far-off home. The bare numeral carries all her helpless longing.
深宫二十年
深宫：层层封闭的皇宫内院，「深」字兼写宫墙之深与禁锢之深。二十年：写时间之久。此句与上句构成时空对举——上句言地远，此句言时长，一横一纵，把宫人的一生牢牢锁死。
'Deep palace' suggests both the layered, labyrinthine inner court and the depth of her confinement. 'Twenty years' measures the length of her captivity. Together with the previous line it forms an antithesis of space against time — distance on one axis, duration on the other — sealing her whole life inside the walls.
一声何满子
何满子：唐教坊曲名，音节哀切。白居易《何满子》诗序载：开元中沧州歌者何满子临刑进此曲以赎死，竟不得免，故其声最悲。此处「一声」与前两句的「三千里」「二十年」形成悬殊对比：漫长时空所积之怨，尽凝于一声歌中，愈显沉重。
He Manzi is the title of a Tang court tune of piercing sorrow. Bai Juyi records that in the Kaiyuan era a singer named He Manzi, about to be executed, offered this song to buy his life and was refused, which is why the melody is so bitter — to sing it is to sing a condemned man's farewell. The single 'one song' is set against 'three thousand li' and 'twenty years': an immensity of time and space is compressed into one utterance, and so becomes heavier still.
双泪落君前
君：指皇帝。歌罢泪落，且偏偏落在君王面前——这既是悲情的迸发，也是深宫女子唯一被允许的「诉说」。以「双泪」对「一声」，数目相对，工整而冷峻。全诗不著一个「怨」字，怨意却力透纸背。
'Jun' is the emperor. The tears fall after the song, and they fall precisely before him: this is both the explosion of long-suppressed grief and the only form of speech a palace woman is permitted. 'Two streams of tears' answers 'one song' in a neat, cold pairing of numbers. The word 'resentment' never appears, yet it saturates every character.
今日赏析
张祜（约792—约852），字承吉，唐代清河人，终生未入仕途，浪迹江湖，以宫词与山水题咏著称，《宫词二首》是其代表作，此为第一首。诗写幽闭深宫的宫人之怨：她们远离故土，长年锁于宫禁，一生的悲欢全系于君王的一顾。相传唐武宗病重时，宫人孟才人歌《何满子》一曲，声尽而绝，张祜感其事而作；也有学者认为此乃诗人泛咏宫女命运之作。全诗仅二十字，纯以数字与对比取胜——「三千里」写地远，「二十年」写时长，「一声」写歌短，「双泪」写情长，短长之间，道尽深宫女子的一生，被后世推为唐人宫词中的绝唱。
Zhang Hu (c. 792–c. 852), courtesy name Chengji, was a man of Qinghe in the Tang who never held office and spent his life wandering the country. He is best known for his palace poems (gongci) and landscape verse; the two 'Palace Poems' are his masterpiece, and this is the first of them. The poem voices the grievance of a woman shut away in the inner palace — cut off from her homeland, locked behind the walls for a lifetime, her every joy and sorrow hanging on a single glance from the emperor. Legend tells that when Emperor Wuzong lay gravely ill, a palace lady named Meng Cairen sang the tune 'He Manzi' and expired as the last note died away; Zhang Hu is said to have written the poem in response, though some scholars regard it as a general meditation on the fate of palace women. In only twenty characters the poem works entirely through numbers and contrasts: 'three thousand li' for distance, 'twenty years' for duration, 'one song' for brevity, 'two streams of tears' for depth of feeling. Between the short and the long, a whole life is told, and later critics have called it the finest of all Tang palace poems.
每日唐诗精选唐代经典作品，提供原文、英文翻译、逐句注释与赏析，适合古诗词学习、双语阅读和日常诗意积累。